Health and Illness Behavior

Health and illness behavior describes how individuals experience, interpret, and respond to health changes throughout life. Health reflects biological, psychological, social, cultural, spiritual, developmental, and environmental influences. Nursing care emphasizes holistic assessment, risk reduction, adaptation, coping, health promotion, and developmentally appropriate care across the life span.

1️⃣ Holistic Nature of Man

🧠 Whole-Person Concept

🔷 Person = biological + psychological + social + cultural + spiritual being

🔷 Dimensions function as an integrated whole

🔷 Change in one dimension ↔ affects other dimensions

🔷 Holism ≠ disease-focused care alone

🔷 Responses vary with values + experience + environment

🔷 Goal → balance + function + dignity + well-being

🧩 Interrelated Dimensions

🔷 Physical illness → anxiety/role changes may ↑

🔷 Emotional distress → sleep + appetite may ↓

🔷 Social isolation → coping resources ↓

🔷 Culture influences interpretation of illness

🔷 Spirituality may provide hope + resilience

🔷 Care considers interaction of all dimensions

🌱 Health & Human Needs

🔷 Physiologic → oxygen + food + fluids + sleep

🔷 Safety → protection from injury + fear

🔷 Belonging → family + relationships + connection

🔷 Esteem → independence + achievement + self-worth

🔷 Higher needs → meaning + purpose + fulfillment

🔷 Unmet needs → stress ↑ + wellness ↓

🤝 Holistic Care

🔷 Assess whole person → not diagnosis alone

🔷 Respect values + preferences

🔷 Encourage autonomy + participation

🔷 Include chosen support persons

🔷 Adapt care to individual needs

🔷 Care = individualized + comprehensive

2️⃣ Biological Dimension

🧬 Biological Foundation

🔷 Biology = body structure + function

🔷 Genetics influence susceptibility

🔷 Age/development alter health risks

🔷 Nutrition ↔ growth + immunity + healing

🔷 Activity + rest support function

🔷 Disease/injury may reduce reserve

⚙️ Homeostasis

🔷 Homeostasis = stable internal environment

🔷 Body adjusts fluids + temperature + glucose

🔷 Stressor → balance disturbed

🔷 Compensation attempts restoration

🔷 Failure of compensation → dysfunction

🔷 Assess deviation from baseline

🛡️ Physical Health Maintenance

🔷 Growth follows predictable patterns with individual variation

🔷 Motor/functional ability increases with maturation

🔷 Nutrition + sleep support healthy development

🔷 Monitor growth trends rather than one value alone

🔷 Activity supports strength + coordination

🔷 Unexpected delay/change → further assessment

⚠️ Biological Vulnerability

🔷 Biology = body structure + function

🔷 Genetics influence susceptibility

🔷 Age/development alter health risks

🔷 Nutrition ↔ growth + immunity + healing

🔷 Activity + rest support function

🔷 Disease/injury may reduce reserve

3️⃣ Psychological Dimension

🧠 Psychological Pattern

🔷 Core definition + pattern

🔷 Key contributing factors

🔷 Expected findings/characteristics

🔷 Important differentiation

🔷 Health impact + implications

🔷 Nursing relevance → recognize + support + educate

🪞 Self-Concept

🔷 Self-concept = perception of self

🔷 Body image = feelings about physical self

🔷 Self-esteem = sense of worth

🔷 Roles influence identity + confidence

🔷 Illness may alter body image/roles

🔷 Support → confidence + adaptation ↑

💭 Perception & Emotion

🔷 Perception shapes meaning of health events

🔷 Same illness ≠ same response

🔷 Fear may rise with uncertainty

🔷 Anxiety ↑ → decision-making may ↓

🔷 Hope + control → coping ↑

🔷 Accept feelings without judgment

🌱 Psychological Adaptation

🔷 Coping = efforts to manage stress

🔷 Problem-focused coping → addresses stressor

🔷 Emotion-focused coping → manages feelings

🔷 Support + problem-solving → coping ↑

🔷 Maladaptive coping may impair function

🔷 Evaluate effectiveness + safety of coping

4️⃣ Social Dimension

👥 Social Being

🔷 Relationships provide emotional + practical support

🔷 Family roles may change with illness

🔷 Isolation → coping may ↓

🔷 Support systems → adaptation ↑

🔷 Community resources may fill care gaps

🔷 Promote independence + meaningful connection

🏠 Family & Relationships

🔷 Relationships provide emotional + practical support

🔷 Family roles may change with illness

🔷 Isolation → coping may ↓

🔷 Support systems → adaptation ↑

🔷 Community resources may fill care gaps

🔷 Promote independence + meaningful connection

🌐 Social Environment

🔷 Housing + sanitation affect health

🔷 Pollution/hazards → disease risk ↑

🔷 Transportation affects access to care

🔷 Food access influences nutrition

🔷 Social support → resilience ↑

🔷 Environment ↔ opportunity for wellness

🤝 Social Adaptation

🔷 Coping = efforts to manage stress

🔷 Problem-focused coping → addresses stressor

🔷 Emotion-focused coping → manages feelings

🔷 Support + problem-solving → coping ↑

🔷 Maladaptive coping may impair function

🔷 Evaluate effectiveness + safety of coping

5️⃣ Cultural Dimension

🌍 Cultural Influence

🔷 Beliefs + values influence health behavior

🔷 Practices vary within and between cultures

🔷 Culture affects illness meaning + decisions

🔷 Ask directly → avoid assumptions

🔷 Respect safe practices + preferences

🔷 Cultural humility → trust + cooperation ↑

🗣️ Communication & Language

🔷 Use clear + simple language

🔷 Language barriers → misunderstanding ↑

🔷 Qualified interpreter → accuracy ↑

🔷 Nonverbal meaning may vary

🔷 Check understanding with teach-back

🔷 Respect literacy + sensory needs

🍲 Beliefs & Health Practices

🔷 Beliefs + values influence health behavior

🔷 Practices vary within and between cultures

🔷 Culture affects illness meaning + decisions

🔷 Ask directly → avoid assumptions

🔷 Respect safe practices + preferences

🔷 Cultural humility → trust + cooperation ↑

🤝 Cultural Responsiveness

🔷 Beliefs + values influence health behavior

🔷 Practices vary within and between cultures

🔷 Culture affects illness meaning + decisions

🔷 Ask directly → avoid assumptions

🔷 Respect safe practices + preferences

🔷 Cultural humility → trust + cooperation ↑

6️⃣ Spiritual Dimension

🙏 Meaning & Purpose

🔷 Spirituality = meaning + purpose + connection

🔷 Spirituality ≠ religion only

🔷 Hope may support coping + resilience

🔷 Illness may challenge beliefs

🔷 Respect individual practices + choices

🔷 Offer support without imposing beliefs

🕊️ Spiritual Needs

🔷 Spirituality = meaning + purpose + connection

🔷 Spirituality ≠ religion only

🔷 Hope may support coping + resilience

🔷 Illness may challenge beliefs

🔷 Respect individual practices + choices

🔷 Offer support without imposing beliefs

⚠️ Spiritual Distress

🔷 Spirituality = meaning + purpose + connection

🔷 Spirituality ≠ religion only

🔷 Hope may support coping + resilience

🔷 Illness may challenge beliefs

🔷 Respect individual practices + choices

🔷 Offer support without imposing beliefs

🤲 Spiritual Support

🔷 Spirituality = meaning + purpose + connection

🔷 Spirituality ≠ religion only

🔷 Hope may support coping + resilience

🔷 Illness may challenge beliefs

🔷 Respect individual practices + choices

🔷 Offer support without imposing beliefs

7️⃣ Health and Illness Concepts

⚖️ Health-Illness Continuum

🔷 Health ↔ illness exist on a continuum

🔷 Health = dynamic, not fixed

🔷 Health ≠ absence of disease only

🔷 Acute illness → shorter/rapid course

🔷 Chronic illness → long-term adaptation

🔷 Wellness can coexist with chronic disease

🤒 Illness Patterns

🔷 Health ↔ illness exist on a continuum

🔷 Health = dynamic, not fixed

🔷 Health ≠ absence of disease only

🔷 Acute illness → shorter/rapid course

🔷 Chronic illness → long-term adaptation

🔷 Wellness can coexist with chronic disease

🔄 Illness Behavior

🔷 Nutrition ↔ disease risk + recovery

🔷 Activity ↑ → functional health ↑

🔷 Smoking/substance misuse → risk ↑

🔷 Adequate sleep supports health

🔷 Preventive care → early detection ↑

🔷 Sustainable goals → behavior change ↑

🌱 Health Promotion

🔷 Nutrition ↔ disease risk + recovery

🔷 Activity ↑ → functional health ↑

🔷 Smoking/substance misuse → risk ↑

🔷 Adequate sleep supports health

🔷 Preventive care → early detection ↑

🔷 Sustainable goals → behavior change ↑

8️⃣ Factors Influencing Health and Illness

🧬 Internal Factors

🔷 Core definition + pattern

🔷 Key contributing factors

🔷 Expected findings/characteristics

🔷 Important differentiation

🔷 Health impact + implications

🔷 Nursing relevance → recognize + support + educate

🌍 Environmental Factors

🔷 Housing + sanitation affect health

🔷 Pollution/hazards → disease risk ↑

🔷 Transportation affects access to care

🔷 Food access influences nutrition

🔷 Social support → resilience ↑

🔷 Environment ↔ opportunity for wellness

💰 Socioeconomic Factors

🔷 Core definition + pattern

🔷 Key contributing factors

🔷 Expected findings/characteristics

🔷 Important differentiation

🔷 Health impact + implications

🔷 Nursing relevance → recognize + support + educate

🧭 Lifestyle & Behavior

🔷 Nutrition ↔ disease risk + recovery

🔷 Activity ↑ → functional health ↑

🔷 Smoking/substance misuse → risk ↑

🔷 Adequate sleep supports health

🔷 Preventive care → early detection ↑

🔷 Sustainable goals → behavior change ↑

9️⃣ Health Beliefs & Illness Perception

💭 Health Beliefs

🔷 Beliefs + values influence health behavior

🔷 Practices vary within and between cultures

🔷 Culture affects illness meaning + decisions

🔷 Ask directly → avoid assumptions

🔷 Respect safe practices + preferences

🔷 Cultural humility → trust + cooperation ↑

👁️ Illness Perception

🔷 Perception shapes meaning of health events

🔷 Same illness ≠ same response

🔷 Fear may rise with uncertainty

🔷 Anxiety ↑ → decision-making may ↓

🔷 Hope + control → coping ↑

🔷 Accept feelings without judgment

🚶 Health-Seeking Behavior

🔷 Nutrition ↔ disease risk + recovery

🔷 Activity ↑ → functional health ↑

🔷 Smoking/substance misuse → risk ↑

🔷 Adequate sleep supports health

🔷 Preventive care → early detection ↑

🔷 Sustainable goals → behavior change ↑

🌱 Behavior Change

🔷 Nutrition ↔ disease risk + recovery

🔷 Activity ↑ → functional health ↑

🔷 Smoking/substance misuse → risk ↑

🔷 Adequate sleep supports health

🔷 Preventive care → early detection ↑

🔷 Sustainable goals → behavior change ↑

🔟 Environmental & Socioeconomic Influences

🏠 Physical Environment

🔷 Growth follows predictable patterns with individual variation

🔷 Motor/functional ability increases with maturation

🔷 Nutrition + sleep support healthy development

🔷 Monitor growth trends rather than one value alone

🔷 Activity supports strength + coordination

🔷 Unexpected delay/change → further assessment

💰 Economic Conditions

🔷 Income influences food + housing + care access

🔷 Financial strain → stress ↑

🔷 Education may affect health literacy

🔷 Complex instructions → misunderstanding ↑

🔷 Community resources reduce barriers

🔷 Teaching should match literacy + resources

🎓 Education & Resources

🔷 Income influences food + housing + care access

🔷 Financial strain → stress ↑

🔷 Education may affect health literacy

🔷 Complex instructions → misunderstanding ↑

🔷 Community resources reduce barriers

🔷 Teaching should match literacy + resources

🌐 Social Determinants

🔷 Housing + sanitation affect health

🔷 Pollution/hazards → disease risk ↑

🔷 Transportation affects access to care

🔷 Food access influences nutrition

🔷 Social support → resilience ↑

🔷 Environment ↔ opportunity for wellness

1️⃣1️⃣ Risk Factors & Risk Assessment

⚠️ Risk Concept

🔷 Risk factor → likelihood of harm ↑

🔷 Risk ≠ certainty of disease

🔷 Assess history + lifestyle + environment

🔷 Prioritize severity + likelihood

🔷 Protective factors may reduce risk

🔷 Early identification → prevention ↑

🔎 Risk Assessment

🔷 Risk factor → likelihood of harm ↑

🔷 Risk ≠ certainty of disease

🔷 Assess history + lifestyle + environment

🔷 Prioritize severity + likelihood

🔷 Protective factors may reduce risk

🔷 Early identification → prevention ↑

🧬 Risk Categories

🔷 Risk factor → likelihood of harm ↑

🔷 Risk ≠ certainty of disease

🔷 Assess history + lifestyle + environment

🔷 Prioritize severity + likelihood

🔷 Protective factors may reduce risk

🔷 Early identification → prevention ↑

🛡️ Risk Reduction

🔷 Identify priority risks early

🔷 Modify controllable risks when possible

🔷 Education → informed choices ↑

🔷 Screening → early detection ↑

🔷 Safety measures → preventable harm ↓

🔷 Reassess risk as health/status changes

1️⃣2️⃣ Modifiable & Nonmodifiable Risk Factors

🔄 Modifiable Risks

🔷 Modifiable = can be changed/reduced

🔷 Smoking → cardiopulmonary risk ↑

🔷 Poor diet → metabolic risk ↑

🔷 Inactivity → functional/cardiovascular risk ↑

🔷 Substance misuse → illness/injury risk ↑

🔷 Lifestyle change → preventable risk ↓

🧬 Nonmodifiable Risks

🔷 Nonmodifiable = cannot be changed

🔷 Age alters disease susceptibility

🔷 Genetics may ↑ inherited risk

🔷 Family history signals shared risk

🔷 Biologic traits influence some patterns

🔷 Nonmodifiable ≠ no prevention → monitor

➕ Cumulative & Protective Factors

🔷 Multiple risks → total risk ↑

🔷 Risk factors may interact

🔷 Protective factors → vulnerability ↓

🔷 Activity + nutrition → chronic risk ↓

🔷 Screening + immunization → complications ↓

🔷 Support + coping → resilience ↑

🛡️ Risk Reduction

🔷 Identify priority risks early

🔷 Modify controllable risks when possible

🔷 Education → informed choices ↑

🔷 Screening → early detection ↑

🔷 Safety measures → preventable harm ↓

🔷 Reassess risk as health/status changes

1️⃣3️⃣ Stress and the Stress Response

🧠 Stress Pattern

🔷 Stressor → adaptive response begins

🔷 SNS activation → HR + BP + RR ↑

🔷 Cortisol/energy mobilization ↑

🔷 Resistance attempts to maintain function

🔷 Prolonged stress → reserves ↓

🔷 Recovery requires rest + coping + support

⚡ Physiologic Response

🔷 Stressor → adaptive response begins

🔷 SNS activation → HR + BP + RR ↑

🔷 Cortisol/energy mobilization ↑

🔷 Resistance attempts to maintain function

🔷 Prolonged stress → reserves ↓

🔷 Recovery requires rest + coping + support

🔄 General Adaptation Syndrome

🔷 Stressor → adaptive response begins

🔷 SNS activation → HR + BP + RR ↑

🔷 Cortisol/energy mobilization ↑

🔷 Resistance attempts to maintain function

🔷 Prolonged stress → reserves ↓

🔷 Recovery requires rest + coping + support

🌱 Stress Management

🔷 Stressor → adaptive response begins

🔷 SNS activation → HR + BP + RR ↑

🔷 Cortisol/energy mobilization ↑

🔷 Resistance attempts to maintain function

🔷 Prolonged stress → reserves ↓

🔷 Recovery requires rest + coping + support

1️⃣4️⃣ Anxiety and Levels of Anxiety

😟 Anxiety Pattern

🔷 Anxiety level ↑ → perceptual field narrows

🔷 Physical arousal may include HR + RR ↑

🔷 Concentration + problem-solving may ↓

🔷 Use calm + simple communication

🔷 Reduce unnecessary stimuli

🔷 Safety becomes priority at severe/panic level

🟢 Mild Anxiety

🔷 Anxiety level ↑ → perceptual field narrows

🔷 Physical arousal may include HR + RR ↑

🔷 Concentration + problem-solving may ↓

🔷 Use calm + simple communication

🔷 Reduce unnecessary stimuli

🔷 Safety becomes priority at severe/panic level

🟠 Moderate-Severe Anxiety

🔷 Anxiety level ↑ → perceptual field narrows

🔷 Physical arousal may include HR + RR ↑

🔷 Concentration + problem-solving may ↓

🔷 Use calm + simple communication

🔷 Reduce unnecessary stimuli

🔷 Safety becomes priority at severe/panic level

🔴 Panic Level

🔷 Anxiety level ↑ → perceptual field narrows

🔷 Physical arousal may include HR + RR ↑

🔷 Concentration + problem-solving may ↓

🔷 Use calm + simple communication

🔷 Reduce unnecessary stimuli

🔷 Safety becomes priority at severe/panic level

1️⃣5️⃣ Coping, Adaptation & Defense Mechanisms

🔄 Adaptation

🔷 Coping = efforts to manage stress

🔷 Problem-focused coping → addresses stressor

🔷 Emotion-focused coping → manages feelings

🔷 Support + problem-solving → coping ↑

🔷 Maladaptive coping may impair function

🔷 Evaluate effectiveness + safety of coping

🌱 Coping Strategies

🔷 Coping = efforts to manage stress

🔷 Problem-focused coping → addresses stressor

🔷 Emotion-focused coping → manages feelings

🔷 Support + problem-solving → coping ↑

🔷 Maladaptive coping may impair function

🔷 Evaluate effectiveness + safety of coping

🛡️ Defense Mechanisms

🔷 Denial → rejects threatening reality

🔷 Projection → attributes feelings to others

🔷 Displacement → redirects emotion to safer target

🔷 Rationalization → acceptable explanation for behavior

🔷 Regression → earlier behavior pattern

🔷 Sublimation → impulse redirected constructively

⚠️ Maladaptive Coping

🔷 Coping = efforts to manage stress

🔷 Problem-focused coping → addresses stressor

🔷 Emotion-focused coping → manages feelings

🔷 Support + problem-solving → coping ↑

🔷 Maladaptive coping may impair function

🔷 Evaluate effectiveness + safety of coping

1️⃣6️⃣ Infancy

👶 Growth & Physical Development

🔷 Growth follows predictable patterns with individual variation

🔷 Motor/functional ability increases with maturation

🔷 Nutrition + sleep support healthy development

🔷 Monitor growth trends rather than one value alone

🔷 Activity supports strength + coordination

🔷 Unexpected delay/change → further assessment

🧠 Cognitive & Sensory Development

🔷 Thinking abilities change with development

🔷 Learning progresses with experience + maturation

🔷 Language/communication abilities expand over time

🔷 Teaching should match cognitive level

🔷 Play/activity supports learning in younger stages

🔷 Assess for deviation from expected milestones

❤️ Psychosocial Development

🔷 Development shaped by relationships + environment

🔷 Stage-specific task influences behavior

🔷 Support + security → confidence ↑

🔷 Independence increases with development

🔷 Stress may disrupt expected adaptation

🔷 Care should match developmental level

🛡️ Health & Safety

🔷 Promote age-appropriate nutrition + activity

🔷 Maintain immunization/preventive care

🔷 Anticipatory guidance → injury risk ↓

🔷 Support sleep + healthy routines

🔷 Screen growth/development + psychosocial needs

🔷 Teach caregivers/patient age-appropriate safety

1️⃣7️⃣ Toddlerhood

🚶 Growth & Motor Development

🔷 Growth follows predictable patterns with individual variation

🔷 Motor/functional ability increases with maturation

🔷 Nutrition + sleep support healthy development

🔷 Monitor growth trends rather than one value alone

🔷 Activity supports strength + coordination

🔷 Unexpected delay/change → further assessment

🧠 Cognitive & Language Development

🔷 Thinking abilities change with development

🔷 Learning progresses with experience + maturation

🔷 Language/communication abilities expand over time

🔷 Teaching should match cognitive level

🔷 Play/activity supports learning in younger stages

🔷 Assess for deviation from expected milestones

🧸 Psychosocial Development

🔷 Development shaped by relationships + environment

🔷 Stage-specific task influences behavior

🔷 Support + security → confidence ↑

🔷 Independence increases with development

🔷 Stress may disrupt expected adaptation

🔷 Care should match developmental level

⚠️ Health & Safety

🔷 Promote age-appropriate nutrition + activity

🔷 Maintain immunization/preventive care

🔷 Anticipatory guidance → injury risk ↓

🔷 Support sleep + healthy routines

🔷 Screen growth/development + psychosocial needs

🔷 Teach caregivers/patient age-appropriate safety

1️⃣8️⃣ Preschool Development

🏃 Physical & Motor Development

🔷 Growth follows predictable patterns with individual variation

🔷 Motor/functional ability increases with maturation

🔷 Nutrition + sleep support healthy development

🔷 Monitor growth trends rather than one value alone

🔷 Activity supports strength + coordination

🔷 Unexpected delay/change → further assessment

🧠 Cognitive & Language Development

🔷 Thinking abilities change with development

🔷 Learning progresses with experience + maturation

🔷 Language/communication abilities expand over time

🔷 Teaching should match cognitive level

🔷 Play/activity supports learning in younger stages

🔷 Assess for deviation from expected milestones

🎭 Psychosocial Development

🔷 Development shaped by relationships + environment

🔷 Stage-specific task influences behavior

🔷 Support + security → confidence ↑

🔷 Independence increases with development

🔷 Stress may disrupt expected adaptation

🔷 Care should match developmental level

🛡️ Health & Safety

🔷 Promote age-appropriate nutrition + activity

🔷 Maintain immunization/preventive care

🔷 Anticipatory guidance → injury risk ↓

🔷 Support sleep + healthy routines

🔷 Screen growth/development + psychosocial needs

🔷 Teach caregivers/patient age-appropriate safety

1️⃣9️⃣ School-Age Development

🏫 Physical Development

🔷 Growth follows predictable patterns with individual variation

🔷 Motor/functional ability increases with maturation

🔷 Nutrition + sleep support healthy development

🔷 Monitor growth trends rather than one value alone

🔷 Activity supports strength + coordination

🔷 Unexpected delay/change → further assessment

🧠 Cognitive Development

🔷 Thinking abilities change with development

🔷 Learning progresses with experience + maturation

🔷 Language/communication abilities expand over time

🔷 Teaching should match cognitive level

🔷 Play/activity supports learning in younger stages

🔷 Assess for deviation from expected milestones

🏆 Psychosocial Development

🔷 Development shaped by relationships + environment

🔷 Stage-specific task influences behavior

🔷 Support + security → confidence ↑

🔷 Independence increases with development

🔷 Stress may disrupt expected adaptation

🔷 Care should match developmental level

🌱 Health & Social Needs

🔷 Promote age-appropriate nutrition + activity

🔷 Maintain immunization/preventive care

🔷 Anticipatory guidance → injury risk ↓

🔷 Support sleep + healthy routines

🔷 Screen growth/development + psychosocial needs

🔷 Teach caregivers/patient age-appropriate safety

2️⃣0️⃣ Adolescence to Older Adulthood

🌱 Adolescence

🔷 Puberty → rapid physical/sexual maturation

🔷 Identity vs role confusion = key task

🔷 Abstract thinking ↑

🔷 Peer influence ↑

🔷 Body image + belonging become prominent

🔷 Focus → mental health + safety + risk reduction

❤️ Young Adulthood

🔷 Intimacy vs isolation = key psychosocial task

🔷 Independence + work roles expand

🔷 Close relationships become important

🔷 Lifestyle patterns affect long-term health

🔷 Work/family demands may ↑ stress

🔷 Prevention + reproductive health remain important

👨‍👩‍👧 Middle Adulthood

🔷 Generativity vs stagnation = key task

🔷 Contribution to family/work/society ↑

🔷 Metabolism + physiologic reserve may ↓

🔷 Chronic disease risk ↑

🔷 Caregiving + work roles may overlap

🔷 Screening + risk control become important

👴 Older Adulthood

🔷 Integrity vs despair = key task

🔷 Aging ≠ disease

🔷 Physiologic reserve generally ↓

🔷 Sensory/mobility changes may ↑ risk

🔷 Role/loss transitions require adaptation

🔷 Goal → independence + dignity + quality of life

🏁 Conclusion

Health and illness behavior requires nurses to view each person as a whole, recognize internal and external influences on wellness, identify modifiable and nonmodifiable risks, support effective coping with stress and anxiety, and adapt care to developmental needs across the life span. Effective nursing care promotes prevention, safety, independence, dignity, resilience, and optimal functioning.