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Disaster nursing focuses on preparedness, mitigation, emergency response, recovery, and rehabilitation during natural, biological, chemical, radiologic, environmental, technological, and human-made disasters that overwhelm normal healthcare systems and threaten population health, safety, infrastructure, and survival. Disasters create large-scale physiologic, traumatic, infectious, psychological, environmental, and public-health emergencies requiring rapid triage, mass-casualt

Emergency nursing focuses on rapid assessment, prioritization, stabilization, and management of patients experiencing acute life-threatening physiologic compromise requiring immediate intervention to preserve airway, breathing, circulation, neurologic function, tissue perfusion, and survival. Emergency conditions may involve trauma, shock, poisoning, respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, neurologic deterioration, burns, environmental injuries, toxicologic crises, and

💊 Psychiatric Medications & Therapies — Introduction Psychopharmacology and psychiatric therapies are essential components of modern mental health treatment aimed at stabilizing mood, reducing psychosis, controlling anxiety, improving cognition, preventing relapse, and promoting long-term psychosocial functioning. Psychiatric medications alter neurotransmitter activity involving serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, acetylcholine, and glutamate pathways to improve sympt

6️⃣2️⃣ 🍽️ Eating Disorders Overview 🧠 Pathophysiology & Risk Factors 🔷 Disturbed eating behaviors impair health/functioning 🔷 Body image distortion central many disorders 🔷 Genetics, trauma, culture influence risk 🔷 Perfectionism and low self-esteem common 🔷 Starvation affects cardiovascular and endocrine systems 🔷 High mortality especially anorexia nervosa cases 🔎 Clinical Manifestations & Assessment 🔷 Weight changes and nutritional deficiencies common 🔷 Obsession

Psychiatric nursing focuses on the assessment, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and long-term management of mental health disorders affecting cognition, mood, behavior, perception, coping, and interpersonal functioning. Mental illness may impair judgment, emotional regulation, reality testing, impulse control, self-care, relationships, and occupational functioning, often producing significant psychological, social, and physiologic consequences. Psychiatric nurses play a

Oncology nursing focuses on the prevention, early detection, diagnosis, treatment, symptom management, and supportive care of patients with cancer and hematologic malignancies. Because cancer involves uncontrolled abnormal cell growth that may invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant organs, early recognition and multidisciplinary treatment are essential to improve survival and quality of life. Nurses play a major role in cancer screening, chemotherapy administra

Orthopaedic nursing focuses on disorders affecting bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and mobility. Because musculoskeletal injuries may impair circulation, sensation, movement, and independence, early assessment and complication prevention are essential. Nurses play a central role in neurovascular monitoring, pain management, immobilization care, mobility support, postoperative care, and rehabilitation. Effective orthopaedic care integrates assessment, diagnostics,

Sensory nursing focuses on disorders affecting vision, hearing, balance, and vestibular function, which significantly influence communication, mobility, safety, and quality of life. Because sensory impairment may progress gradually or occur suddenly from trauma, infection, neurologic dysfunction, vascular compromise, or aging, early recognition and intervention are essential to prevent permanent deficits and injury. Nurses play an important role in sensory assessment, medicat

Neurologic nursing focuses on disorders affecting the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and neuromuscular system. Because neurologic dysfunction can rapidly impair consciousness, breathing, motor function, and cerebral perfusion, early recognition and immediate intervention are critical to prevent irreversible damage or death. Nurses play a central role in neurologic assessment, monitoring intracranial pressure, identifying acute deterioration, administering emergency medic

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions that invade the body, disrupt normal physiologic function, trigger inflammatory and immune responses, and may spread through direct contact, droplets, airborne transmission, contaminated food/water, vectors, blood exposure, or vertical transmission. The severity of infection depends on pathogen virulence, portal of entry, immune status, vaccination h

Psychiatric medications and biologic or psychotherapeutic treatments are used to reduce symptoms, improve function, prevent relapse, and protect safety, but they do not work the same way and they are never chosen casually. Treatment is always linked to the patient’s diagnosis, severity, urgency, functional impairment, medical risks, and ability to adhere, so nursing care must connect the treatment to the actual symptom pattern rather than memorizing drugs alone. The slides an

Mood disorders involve sustained disturbances in emotion, energy, motivation, thinking, and function, affecting how the patient experiences daily life, relationships, sleep, appetite, work, and personal safety. The PowerPoint and exam emphasize that mood disorders include both depressive disorders and bipolar-spectrum disorders, so assessment must look not only at sadness but also at mood elevation, decreased need for sleep, impulsivity, hopelessness, and suicide risk. Becaus

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by disturbances in thought processes, perception, emotion, and behavior, leading to significant impairment in daily functioning, relationships, and self-care. It involves a combination of positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms such as flat affect and social withdrawal, and cognitive deficits that affect memory, attention, and executive functioning. Patients may have limited insigh

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are characterized by intrusive thoughts, urges, or preoccupations that create significant anxiety, followed by repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are used to reduce distress or prevent feared consequences. These disorders are not simply habits or personality quirks because the symptoms are time-consuming, distressing, and interfere with school, work, sleep, self-care, and relationships. Assessment must distinguish obsessions fr

Anxiety disorders involve excessive fear, persistent worry, autonomic arousal, and behavioral avoidance that go beyond normal adaptive stress responses and begin to impair sleep, concentration, relationships, work, and daily functioning. The PowerPoint and exam both emphasize that anxiety exists on a continuum, but it becomes pathologic when it is excessive, persistent, difficult to control, and associated with functional decline rather than brief situational tension alone. A

Trauma and stressor-related disorders develop when exposure to overwhelming events disrupts the person’s ability to process stress, regulate emotions, and maintain a sense of safety. These conditions do not depend only on the severity of the event but also on the individual’s vulnerability, coping capacity, and available support systems. Patients may present with intrusive memories, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal, or dissociative symptoms that affect sleep, relationships,

Assessment of neurologic function is essential because the nervous system controls consciousness, movement, sensation, coordination, and the body’s response to internal and external stimuli. Neurologic changes may be subtle at first, but even small alterations in level of consciousness, strength, pupil response, speech, or behavior can signal significant deterioration. A structured neurologic assessment allows nurses to detect early problems, localize deficits, and identify c

Ear and balance disorders affect hearing, communication, equilibrium, and overall safety, making them highly relevant to both function and quality of life. Disorders of the external, middle, or inner ear may present with hearing loss, ear pain, tinnitus, vertigo, nausea, or instability, so careful assessment is needed to identify the likely source of the problem. Because even mild hearing impairment can lead to misunderstanding, withdrawal, and safety risks, nurses must asses

Major eye and vision disorders include both gradual conditions that affect long-term visual function and urgent disorders that can threaten sight if not recognized early. Some problems develop slowly and alter daily activities over time, while others present suddenly and require immediate action to prevent permanent visual loss. Because patients may minimize symptoms or misinterpret them as simple eye strain, nursing assessment must distinguish routine visual complaints from

Endocrine disorders affect many body systems because hormones regulate metabolism, growth, fluid balance, reproduction, and stress response. Because endocrine glands work through interrelated pathways, dysfunction in one gland may produce widespread changes rather than one isolated symptom. Patients may present with fatigue, weight changes, temperature intolerance, weakness, mood changes, polyuria, or reproductive disturbances, so careful pattern recognition is important. Nur