Primary Health Care & Health Programs, Services and Strategies

Primary Health Care provides accessible, equitable, community-based, preventive, and continuing services through community participation, intersectoral collaboration, appropriate technology, and an organized health workforce. Community Health Nursing applies PHC principles through maternal-child health, nutrition, oral health, environmental sanitation, vital and health statistics, occupational health, and health education.

1️⃣ Primary Health Care: Definition & Principles

🌱 PHC Definition

🔷 PHC = essential health care accessible to individuals + families

🔷 Uses practical + scientifically sound methods

🔷 Community participation = central principle

🔷 Care should be affordable + socially acceptable

🔷 PHC = first-contact + continuing care

🔷 Goal → equitable health access

⚖️ Core Principles

🔷 Equitable distribution → services based on need

🔷 Community participation → shared responsibility

🔷 Intersectoral coordination → health ≠ health sector alone

🔷 Appropriate technology → practical + affordable

🔷 Prevention + promotion emphasized

🔷 Self-reliance + sustainability supported

🏘️ Community Orientation

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🩺 Nursing Relevance

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

2️⃣ PHC Conceptual Framework

🧭 Framework Pattern

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

👥 People-Centered Care

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🔗 Integrated Services

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🌍 Determinants of Health

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

3️⃣ Essential Elements of PHC

📚 Health Education

🔷 Assess learning needs

🔷 Use clear culturally appropriate language

🔷 Focus on practical actions

🔷 Use demonstration/visuals

🔷 Confirm understanding

🔷 Evaluate outcomes

🥗 Nutrition & Basic Needs

🔷 Assess intake + weight trend

🔷 Promote nutrient-dense balanced foods

🔷 Identify feeding + access barriers

🔷 Support hydration

🔷 Screen malnutrition risk

🔷 Refer complex/severe problems

🤰 MCH & Immunization

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

💊 Treatment & Essential Services

🔷 Treat according to diagnosis + severity

🔷 Consider comorbidity + function

🔷 Review medicines + interactions

🔷 Monitor response + adverse effects

🔷 Teach adherence + warning signs

🔷 Reassess benefit + complications

4️⃣ Community Participation & Self-Reliance

🤝 Participation

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

💪 Self-Reliance

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🗣️ Community Mobilization

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

📊 Evaluation

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

5️⃣ Intersectoral Coordination & Appropriate Technology

🔗 Intersectoral Action

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🛠️ Appropriate Technology

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🏫 Community Partners

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🎯 Practical Application

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

6️⃣ Types of PHC Workers

👩‍⚕️ Professional Workers

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Community Workers

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🏡 Barangay Health Workers

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🔄 Team Coordination

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

7️⃣ Maternal Health Services

🤰 Maternal Care Goals

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🔎 Antenatal Assessment

🔷 Assess symptoms + baseline function

🔷 Perform focused examination

🔷 Use appropriate screening/diagnostic tests

🔷 Compare with previous status

🔷 Identify red flags + complications

🔷 Urgent findings → prompt referral

⚠️ Pregnancy Danger Signs

🔷 Vaginal bleeding → urgent referral

🔷 Severe headache/visual changes → danger sign

🔷 Convulsions = emergency

🔷 Severe abdominal pain = urgent

🔷 Difficulty breathing/severe weakness = concerning

🔷 Reduced fetal movement → prompt assessment

🩺 Community Follow-Up

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

8️⃣ Antenatal, Birth & Postpartum Care

🤰 Antenatal Care

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🏥 Birth & Referral Readiness

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🤱 Postpartum Care

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🚨 Maternal Warning Signs

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

9️⃣ Child Health & Growth Monitoring

👶 Child Health

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

📏 Growth Monitoring

🔷 Plot serial weight/length/height

🔷 Trend > single measurement

🔷 Growth faltering → assess nutrition + illness

🔷 Use age-appropriate standards

🔷 Discuss feeding + development

🔷 Refer significant deviation

🧠 Developmental Surveillance

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🩺 Community Child Care

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🔟 Immunization & Preventive Child Services

💉 Immunization Principles

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

📅 Vaccine Follow-Up

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

⚠️ Safety & Contraindications

🔷 Identify modifiable risks

🔷 Promote safe environment

🔷 Teach patient + family

🔷 Encourage appropriate prevention

🔷 Refer abnormal findings

🔷 Reassess effectiveness

🏘️ Community Coverage

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

1️⃣1️⃣ Community Nutrition

🥗 Nutrition Promotion

🔷 Assess intake + weight trend

🔷 Promote nutrient-dense balanced foods

🔷 Identify feeding + access barriers

🔷 Support hydration

🔷 Screen malnutrition risk

🔷 Refer complex/severe problems

👶 Maternal-Child Nutrition

🔷 Assess intake + weight trend

🔷 Promote nutrient-dense balanced foods

🔷 Identify feeding + access barriers

🔷 Support hydration

🔷 Screen malnutrition risk

🔷 Refer complex/severe problems

📊 Nutrition Screening

🔷 Assess symptoms + baseline function

🔷 Perform focused examination

🔷 Use appropriate screening/diagnostic tests

🔷 Compare with previous status

🔷 Identify red flags + complications

🔷 Urgent findings → prompt referral

🤝 Community Strategies

🔷 Assess intake + weight trend

🔷 Promote nutrient-dense balanced foods

🔷 Identify feeding + access barriers

🔷 Support hydration

🔷 Screen malnutrition risk

🔷 Refer complex/severe problems

1️⃣2️⃣ Malnutrition & Micronutrient Deficiencies

⚠️ Malnutrition Pattern

🔷 Assess intake + weight trend

🔷 Promote nutrient-dense balanced foods

🔷 Identify feeding + access barriers

🔷 Support hydration

🔷 Screen malnutrition risk

🔷 Refer complex/severe problems

🩸 Iron & Anemia

🔷 Assess intake + weight trend

🔷 Promote nutrient-dense balanced foods

🔷 Identify feeding + access barriers

🔷 Support hydration

🔷 Screen malnutrition risk

🔷 Refer complex/severe problems

👁️ Vitamin A & Iodine

🔷 Assess intake + weight trend

🔷 Promote nutrient-dense balanced foods

🔷 Identify feeding + access barriers

🔷 Support hydration

🔷 Screen malnutrition risk

🔷 Refer complex/severe problems

🥣 Nutrition Intervention

🔷 Assess intake + weight trend

🔷 Promote nutrient-dense balanced foods

🔷 Identify feeding + access barriers

🔷 Support hydration

🔷 Screen malnutrition risk

🔷 Refer complex/severe problems

1️⃣3️⃣ Dental Hygiene & Oral Health

🦷 Oral Health

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🔎 Oral Assessment

🔷 Assess symptoms + baseline function

🔷 Perform focused examination

🔷 Use appropriate screening/diagnostic tests

🔷 Compare with previous status

🔷 Identify red flags + complications

🔷 Urgent findings → prompt referral

🪥 Prevention

🔷 Identify modifiable risks

🔷 Promote safe environment

🔷 Teach patient + family

🔷 Encourage appropriate prevention

🔷 Refer abnormal findings

🔷 Reassess effectiveness

⚠️ Common Oral Problems

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

1️⃣4️⃣ Environmental Sanitation & Safe Water

🚰 Safe Water

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🚽 Excreta Disposal

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🏠 Household Sanitation

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🦠 Disease Prevention

🔷 Identify modifiable risks

🔷 Promote safe environment

🔷 Teach patient + family

🔷 Encourage appropriate prevention

🔷 Refer abnormal findings

🔷 Reassess effectiveness

1️⃣5️⃣ Food Sanitation, Waste & Vector Control

🍽️ Food Safety

🔷 Identify modifiable risks

🔷 Promote safe environment

🔷 Teach patient + family

🔷 Encourage appropriate prevention

🔷 Refer abnormal findings

🔷 Reassess effectiveness

🗑️ Solid Waste

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🦟 Vector Control

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

📣 Community Action

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

1️⃣6️⃣ Vital & Health Statistics

📊 Vital Statistics

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

📝 Data Sources

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

📈 Uses in CHN

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

⚠️ Data Quality

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

1️⃣7️⃣ Vital Statistics Rates & Calculations

👶 Birth Rates

🔷 Crude Birth Rate = (Live births ÷ Midyear population) × 1,000 → 2,000 ÷ 100,000 × 1,000 = 20/1,000

🔷 Use same place + period

🔷 Verify numerator + denominator

🔷 Population structure affects crude rate

🔷 Trend supports MCH planning

🔷 Accurate registration → quality ↑

⚰️ Mortality Rates

🔷 Crude Death Rate = (Deaths ÷ Midyear population) × 1,000 → 500 ÷ 100,000 × 1,000 = 5/1,000

🔷 Cause-specific rate → one cause

🔷 Case Fatality = (Disease deaths ÷ Cases) × 100

🔷 Age-specific rates identify vulnerable groups

🔷 Use consistent period

🔷 Mortality guides priorities

🤰 Maternal & Infant Measures

🔷 IMR = (Deaths <1 yr ÷ Live births) × 1,000

🔷 Neonatal mortality = (Deaths <28 days ÷ Live births) × 1,000

🔷 MMR = (Maternal deaths ÷ Live births) × 100,000

🔷 Indicators reflect MCH conditions

🔷 Small numbers require caution

🔷 Use official definitions

🧮 Morbidity Measures

🔷 Incidence = (New cases ÷ Population at risk) × multiplier

🔷 Prevalence = (Existing cases ÷ Population) × multiplier

🔷 Attack Rate = (New outbreak cases ÷ Population at risk) × 100

🔷 Incidence → risk; prevalence → burden

🔷 Choose correct multiplier

🔷 Define population + period

1️⃣8️⃣ Occupational Health

🏭 Occupational Health

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

⚠️ Hazard Types

🔷 Define concept + community relevance

🔷 Identify major factors + risks

🔷 Recognize key findings

🔷 Apply prevention + health promotion

🔷 Coordinate referral/resources

🔷 Evaluate outcomes + follow-up

🔎 Worker Assessment

🔷 Assess symptoms + baseline function

🔷 Perform focused examination

🔷 Use appropriate screening/diagnostic tests

🔷 Compare with previous status

🔷 Identify red flags + complications

🔷 Urgent findings → prompt referral

🛡️ Prevention

🔷 Identify modifiable risks

🔷 Promote safe environment

🔷 Teach patient + family

🔷 Encourage appropriate prevention

🔷 Refer abnormal findings

🔷 Reassess effectiveness

1️⃣9️⃣ Occupational Disease & Injury Prevention

🫁 Occupational Disease

🔷 Identify modifiable risks

🔷 Promote safe environment

🔷 Teach patient + family

🔷 Encourage appropriate prevention

🔷 Refer abnormal findings

🔷 Reassess effectiveness

🦴 Ergonomic Injury

🔷 Identify modifiable risks

🔷 Promote safe environment

🔷 Teach patient + family

🔷 Encourage appropriate prevention

🔷 Refer abnormal findings

🔷 Reassess effectiveness

☣️ Exposure Control

🔷 Identify modifiable risks

🔷 Promote safe environment

🔷 Teach patient + family

🔷 Encourage appropriate prevention

🔷 Refer abnormal findings

🔷 Reassess effectiveness

🚨 Incident Response

🔷 Identify modifiable risks

🔷 Promote safe environment

🔷 Teach patient + family

🔷 Encourage appropriate prevention

🔷 Refer abnormal findings

🔷 Reassess effectiveness

2️⃣0️⃣ Health Education in the Community

📚 Health Education

🔷 Assess learning needs

🔷 Use clear culturally appropriate language

🔷 Focus on practical actions

🔷 Use demonstration/visuals

🔷 Confirm understanding

🔷 Evaluate outcomes

🔎 Learning Assessment

🔷 Assess symptoms + baseline function

🔷 Perform focused examination

🔷 Use appropriate screening/diagnostic tests

🔷 Compare with previous status

🔷 Identify red flags + complications

🔷 Urgent findings → prompt referral

🗣️ Teaching Strategies

🔷 Assess learning needs

🔷 Use clear culturally appropriate language

🔷 Focus on practical actions

🔷 Use demonstration/visuals

🔷 Confirm understanding

🔷 Evaluate outcomes

🌱 Behavior Change

🔷 Assess learning needs

🔷 Use clear culturally appropriate language

🔷 Focus on practical actions

🔷 Use demonstration/visuals

🔷 Confirm understanding

🔷 Evaluate outcomes

2️⃣1️⃣ Health Teaching Methods & Evaluation

👥 Individual & Group Teaching

🔷 Assess learning needs

🔷 Use clear culturally appropriate language

🔷 Focus on practical actions

🔷 Use demonstration/visuals

🔷 Confirm understanding

🔷 Evaluate outcomes

🎨 Teaching Materials

🔷 Assess learning needs

🔷 Use clear culturally appropriate language

🔷 Focus on practical actions

🔷 Use demonstration/visuals

🔷 Confirm understanding

🔷 Evaluate outcomes

🔁 Teach-Back

🔷 Assess learning needs

🔷 Use clear culturally appropriate language

🔷 Focus on practical actions

🔷 Use demonstration/visuals

🔷 Confirm understanding

🔷 Evaluate outcomes

✅ Evaluation

🔷 Assess learning needs

🔷 Use clear culturally appropriate language

🔷 Focus on practical actions

🔷 Use demonstration/visuals

🔷 Confirm understanding

🔷 Evaluate outcomes

🏁 Conclusion

Primary Health Care and community health programs depend on equity, participation, prevention, intersectoral action, appropriate technology, reliable population data, and an effective health workforce. Community nurses translate these principles into maternal-child care, nutrition, oral health, sanitation, occupational health, and health education.